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TMPF - TMap NEXT Foundation - Dump Information

Vendor : Exin
Exam Code : TMPF
Exam Name : TMap NEXT Foundation
Questions and Answers : 60 Q & A
Updated On : January 10, 2018
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TMPF Questions and Answers


What is the correct description of the term est level?

  1. the information that defines the required system behavior
  2. a group of test activities with the attention of checking the information system in respect of a number of correlated (part aspects of) quality characteristics
  3. a group of test activities that are managed and executed collectively

Answer: C


QUESTION: 53

During which TMap phase is testing 'dynamic implicit'?

  1. Specification
  2. Execution
  3. Preparation

Answer: B


QUESTION: 54

The possible results of every condition are tested at least once. To which coverage type does this refer?

  1. condition coverage
  2. condition/decision coverage
  3. decision coverage
  4. modified condition/decision coverage

Answer: A


QUESTION: 55

Which test design technique can be used to test performance?

  1. Data Cycle Test
  2. Process Cycle Test
  3. Real-Life Test

Answer: C


QUESTION: 56

See the following specification:

How many test situations can be distinguished for this specification when the coverage type decision points modified condition/decision is used?

  1. 2
  2. 6
  3. 8
  4. 64

Answer: C


QUESTION: 57

During the test execution of a large customer registration system, the system went down for several times. Although there were no test cases described the tester concluded that the continuity was poor. Which testing method is described here?

  1. dynamic explicit testing
  2. dynamic implicit testing
  3. static testing

Answer: B


QUESTION: 58

See the illustration below:

In order to test a registration application for a weekend trip, logical test cases must be created according to the Data Combination Test. It is agreed to conduct light testing. One data pair is defined that must be fully tested in combination:
  • day ?attraction
    Using a classification tree, six test cases are designed.

    Where should the 'bullets' for test case 4 be placed?

    1. Saturday, zoo, 2nd
    2. Sunday, zoo, family car
    3. Sunday, zoo, 2nd

    Answer: C


    QUESTION: 59

    When customer data is entered, it is mandatory to specify an e-mail address. Which test design technique can be used to test the above?

    1. Data Cycle Test
    2. Process Cycle Test
    3. Syntactic Test Answer: C QUESTION: 60

    There are two parties in the V model:
  • the supplying party
  • the accepting party
Which system development phase or test phase is not performed by the supplying party?

  1. Functional design
  2. Realization
  3. System test
  4. Technical design

Answer: D


Exin TMPF Exam (TMap NEXT Foundation) Detailed Information

Certifications
EXIN GREEN IT
If you want to be greener and smarter but just as effective in the way you do business, the Green IT certificate offers the solution. EXIN offers two types of Green IT certificates.
EXIN BCS Business Analysis
EXIN certification scheme addresses different elements of Business Analysis, such as Business Change and Commercial Awareness. On a practitioner level (to be offered by EXIN later in 2016) more specific topics such as Requirements Engineering, Business Analysis Practice and Modelling Business Processes are covered.
CCC Big Data
The EXIN CCC certification program provides a solid base of knowledge by covering the origin and characteristics of Big Data, the tools and technologies such as Hadoop and MongoDB and the main players involved.
CCC Cloud Computing
The CCC Cloud Computing certification program is vendor-neutral and role-based: it addresses many aspects of Cloud Computing, encompassing all ICT roles which are critical for successful cloud adoption and readiness.
The Foundation Series
This certification program is available in Dutch only.
EXIN DevOps
The EXIN DevOps Master certification is unique in the world as it comprises an advanced exam and a training that includes practical assignments to prove the competences of candidate DevOps Masters.
EXIN Business Information Management with reference to BiSL
The exam tests your theoretical knowledge of the BiSL framework. With the certificate you show that you are able to bridge the gap between business and IT. Thousands of professionals have already gained their certificate from EXIN.
EXIN Privacy and Data Protection
Having certified professionals with the right level of knowledge can help prepare your organization to face these opportunities. The EXIN Privacy & Data Protection program covers the required knowledge of laws and regulations relating to data privacy and how this knowledge can be used to be compliant.
Lean IT
Achieving more with less, that is Lean IT. Adopting a new way of thinking and doing enables companies to respond to changing customer desires with high variety, high quality, and fast throughput times. This is managed with less human effort, less space, less capital, and less time.
EXIN Ethical Hacking
Ethical Hacking is in current times of increasing cybercrime a necessity when becoming cyber-resilient: a well-known method of duplicating the intent and actions of malicious hackers in order to locate, evaluate and resolve hardware and software vulnerabilities.
EXIN Certification in OpenStack Software
OpenStack is the Open Source operating system for building and managing cloud computing platforms for public and private clouds.
This program is the first vendor-neutral certification program for OpenStack to be offered by an independent examination institute. It focusses on how to apply and use OpenStack Software when managing company data in a Cloud.
EXIN Secure Programming
Cybercrime, data leaks and information security get more attention than ever in the news. Governments and companies dedicate more and more resources to these areas. However, most of their attention appears to be focused on reactive measures instead of on preventive measures. In-built security of applications is worth the investment. The certification of developers and software programmers is key in developing secure software.
EXIN Application Management with reference to ASL
There is considerable interest in application management. This EXIN exam tests your theoretical knowledge of the context, processes and use of application management. Included within this are references to the ASL framework. This EXIN certificate is indispensable for anyone who needs to deal with application management in his/her role.
TMap SUITE/NEXT®
New software releases are being issued in increasingly rapid succession, making testing ever more important. The structured test management approach of TMap NEXT® ensures a shorter time-to-market, which means that qualified testers are needed.
TPI NEXT®
Testing takes time and money but offers insufficient insight into the quality of the test process itself. Applying TPI NEXT® will provide not only insight into the quality but improvement as well, taking into account the business drivers of the organization.
EXIN ITSM based on ISO/IEC 20000
With an ITSM certificate, you can show that you are a professional in IT service management. Practically orientated, on various levels and aimed at job descriptions. Choice of 11 certificates.
ITIL®
Indispensable for any IT specialist wishing to get to the next level in IT Service Management. Put together your own pathway from the 11 ITIL® exams. Best practices, structured method, based on the lifecycle approach.
MOF
MOF serves to ensure that an IT department runs as efficiently as possible. Its strength lies in the fact that it incorporates best practices, clear principles and practical models. This certificate is based on MOF 4.0 by Microsoft.
EPI DATA Centre Management
With few exceptions, enterprises today rely on IT for the delivery of business-critical services - often directly to the end consumer. It is therefore vital that the mission critical data centre is designed, maintained and operated with hi-availability and efficiency in mind.
EXIN Cloud
This program shows that you are familiar with the main concepts of Cloud Computing and that you know what is involved in terms of procurement, management and implementation. ‘Get into the Cloud, and stay in control.’
EXIN Agile Scrum
Applying the agile way of thinking means accepting change. Even to expect it. Because of the flexible way of working, the sprints, the daily meetings and continuous testing there is constantly room to adjust the product, or to change course half way a project. In the end the project will result in a high-quality product that is according to the clients’ wishes.
EXIN Information Security
EXIN Information Security is solely based on the NEN-ISO/IEC 27002. The EXIN qualification programme information security raises awareness of risks and instils a sense of responsibility.
EXIN ITAMOrg IT Asset Management
Trends like Cloud, Mobile, Social, Bring-Your-Own-Device, Consumerization of IT, Bring-Your-Own-Application and Big Data have created significant shifts in the way businesses operate. These shifts make IT Asset Management more important than ever: it helps organizations keep a firm grip on their businesses and most valuable assets.
EXIN Business Continuity Management
Business Continuity Management is an essential part of risk management within any organization. EXIN’s Business Continuity Management certification is policy-oriented without getting into operational ‘how to’ details.
RESILIA™
RESILIA™ is a framework of best practice designed to build cyber resilience skills across an organization. Based on the Cyber Resilience Best Practices guide it offers practical knowledge to enhance existing management strategies and help align cyber resilience with IT operations, security and incident management.
PRINCE2®
It is a widely used project management method that navigates you through all the essentials for running a successful project.
P3O® Certification - Portfolio, Programme and Project Offices
It provides advice on how to develop a governance structure that helps optimize an organization’s investment in change.
MoV® - Management of Value
It provides a systematic method to define what value means for organizations, and to communicate it clearly to maximize value across portfolios, programs, projects and operations.
M_o_R® - Management of Risk
It inspects risks from strategic and operational view and within programs and projects.
MoP® - Management of Portfolios
It advices on and shows examples of how to apply principles, practices, and techniques that help optimize an organization’s investment in change.
MSP® - Managing Successful Programmes
It offers principles and processes for the implementation and management of a program.
EXIN BCS Business Analysis
EXIN BCS Business Analysis
Organizations are constantly striving to become more efficient and effective. But how do you know what exactly is needed to reach that goal? And what changes then need to be implemented? Are any IT solutions required? That is where the Business Analyst comes in: to investigate the business situation, identify and evaluate the different options to improve business systems, to define requirements and ensure the effective use of information systems in meeting the needs of the business.
The value
The value of business analysis is in the realization of benefits, avoidance of cost, identification of new opportunities, understanding of required capabilities and modeling the organization. Through the effective use of business analysis, any organization can realize these benefits, ultimately improving the way they do business.
EXIN Certification
EXIN certification scheme addresses different elements of Business Analysis, like Business Change and Commercial Awareness. On a practitioner level (to be offered by EXIN later in 2016) more specific topics such as Requirements Engineering, Business Analysis Practice and Modelling Business Processes are covered.
BCS
The new certification scheme has been developed by BCS, The British Computer Society. They promote wider social and economic progress through the advancement of information technology science and practice. With the vision to be a world-class organization for IT, they bring together industry, academics, practitioners and government to share knowledge, promote new thinking, inform the design of new curricula, shape public policy and inform the public.
Business Analysis Certification Scheme
Exams by levelCode
Foundation
EXIN BCS Foundation Certificate in Business Analysis BAF
EXIN BCS Foundation Certificate in Business Change BCF
EXIN BCS Foundation Certificate in Commercial Awareness CAF
Learn more about EXIN IT Service Management based on ISO/IEC 20000
ITSM20 refresh: Now completely ready and live in English. Why this refresh? Easy to recognize for those who are familiar with ITIL®. Less focus on theory, more time for practical assignments. Minimal number of training days. Several side entry possibilities for quick access to the top of the program.
The EXIN ITSM based on ISO/IEC 20000 program is a unique lean approach to IT Service Management:
It combines the key ITIL® elements with the quality principles of the ISO/IEC 20000 standard.
The program allows for ITIL® side entries, both on foundation and expert level.
It contains EXIN’s approach to a practical and role based certification.
It offers many practical examples, case studies and assessments.
IT Service Management EXIN ITSM levels
Use the Fast Track calculator for more side-entry possibilities http://www.exin.com/tool
The philosophy
Rather than try to do everything that we “could do”, why not focus
on everything that we “must do” initially? This will save time and money.
ITIL®
ITIL®
ITIL® (IT Infrastructure Library) is the most accepted framework for IT Service Management (ITSM) in the world. Over 1.5 million professionals have earned one or more ITIL® certificates at EXIN.
ITIL® consists of a coherent set of best practices drawn from many public and business sectors. ITIL® is the appropriate framework for organizations that (regularly) deal with supplying, using or supporting IT services. ITIL® is based on the practice of IT Service Management and is expected to continue to be a guiding framework for a long time.
Many organizations are heavily dependent on their IT. ITIL® provides the most detailed documentation for successfully setting up management processes within an IT organization.
Exams by levelCode
Foundation
ITIL ® Foundation Certificate in IT Service Management ITILF
Advanced
ITIL® Practitioner ITILP
Intermediate
ITIL® Continual Service Improvement Certificate ITILCSI
ITIL® Managing Across the Lifecycle Certificate ITILMLC
ITIL® Operational Support and Analysis Certificate ITILOSA
ITIL® Planning, Protection and Optimization Certificate ITILPPO
ITIL® Release, Control and Validation Certificate ITILRCV
ITIL® Service Design Certificate ITILSD
ITIL® Service Operation Certificate ITILSO
ITIL® Service Offerings and Agreements Certificate ITILSOA
ITIL® Service Strategy Certificate ITILSS
ITIL® Service Transition Certificate ITILST
Executive
ITIL® Master Qualification ITILMA
ITIL ® Foundation Certificate in IT Service Management
ITIL ® Foundation Certificate in IT Service Management
Summary
ITIL Foundation is the most important certificate for IT professionals and employees wishing to know more about IT Service Management. Organizations that work according to ITIL use the complete ITIL exam program for training personnel based on their roles. Their ITILskills enable them to perform and cooperate better.
ITIL Foundation is part of the Certified Integrator program and is one of the prerequisites to attain the titles:
EXIN Certified Integrator Agile Service Projects
Target group
You are an IT professional, business manager or business process owner in an organization that operates according to ITIL. After gaining the certificate, you will understand how the ITIL exam program contributes to raising the quality of IT Service Management. Your role and qualities are important for better (team) performance.
Context
ITIL Foundation enables you to lay the basis for a complete program of ITIL exams and obtaining various certificates in IT Service Management. This will show that you take your work according to ITIL seriously. It will improve your qualifications for working with other ITIL-certified personnel.
e-Competence Framework (e-CF)
The mapping of this certificate against the e-Competence Framework.
Level
e-CF Area e-Competence e-1 e-2 e-3 e-4 e-5
PLAN A.2. Service Level Management
RUN C.1. User Support
C.2. Change Support
C.3. Service Delivery
C.4. Problem Management
ENABLE D.8. Contract Management
D.9. Personnel Development
MANAGE E.5. Process Improvement
Legend for coverage:
General - The competence is covered at the level indicated
Partial - The competence is covered to some extent
Superficial - Relevant knowledge is covered to some extent
The competence level is available in the framework
The competence level is not available in the framework
Prerequisites
None.
Exam content
Candidates are tested on:
1. Service management as a practice (comprehension)
2. The ITIL service lifecycle (comprehension)
3. Generic concepts and definitions (awareness)
4. Key principles and models (comprehension)
5. Selected processes (awareness)
6. Selected functions (awareness)
7. Selected roles (awareness)
8. Technology and architecture (awareness)
9. Competence and training (awareness)
For an elaborate list of exam specifications, literature and more information, see the Syllabus, downloadable in the right section of this website.
Click here to download the glossary in the download section in the right column.
Exam Details
Number of questions: 40
Pass mark: 65% (26 out of 40)
Open book: no
Electronic devices permitted: no

Exin EX0-117 : ITIL Foundation (syllabus 2011) Exam

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Exin Examcollection VCE:

Nature fans all over have good reason to love the historic Natchez Trace Parkway. This National Scenic Byway is perfect place to experience the beautiful outdoors! Out of the 52,000 acres of Trace, almost 39,000 of those are maintained in a “natural” condition. That means you’ll find bountiful forests, non-agricultural fields and sparkling open water.

Record and Run time-saving Visual Basic macros in Word 2003

Found a cool sample chapter at techrepublic, taken from Special Edition Using Microsoft Office Word 2003, explaining how to record and execute Visual Basic macros in Word 2003. I know, like me there are many, who love to make macros and play! not those lazy kind but the totally fun type. so here it is, check it out!
Description: Word’s powerful macro facilities enable you to automate just about anything you would do manually in Word. Learn how to create time-saving macros in Word 2003.
This sample chapter, taken from Special Edition Using Microsoft Office Word 2003, discusses how to record and play back Word macros. The chapter covers the following topics:
  • Macros: The Basics
  • Creating Macros That Run Automatically
  • Running Your Macro
  • Moving Project Items Among Templates and Documents
  • Running Word Commands: Word’s 400+ Built-In, One-Step Macros
  • Troubleshooting
  • DOWNLOAD CHAPTER HERE.
    Title: Special Edition Using Microsoft Office Word 2003;ISBN: 078972958X; December, 2003; : Bill CamardaChapter 32: Recording and Running Visual Basic Macros; Published by Que.
  • EX0-003 Questions & Answers

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    Last Updated: Nov 15, 2016
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    Introduction to Software Engineering/Testing

    Software testing is an investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about the quality of the product or service under test.[1] Software testing also provides an objective, independent view of the software to allow the business to appreciate and understand the risks of software implementation. Test techniques include, but are not limited to, the process of executing a program or application with the intent of finding software bugs.
    Software testing can also be stated as the process of validating and verifying that a software programapplicationproduct:
  • meets the business and technical requirements that guided its design and development;
  • works as expected; and
  • can be implemented with the same characteristics.
  • Software testing, depending on the testing method employed, can be implemented at any time in the development process. However, most of the test effort occurs after the requirements have been defined and the coding process has been completed. As such, the methodology of the test is governed by the software development methodology adopted.
    Different software development models will focus the test effort at different points in the development process. Newer development models, such as Agile, often employ test driven development and place an increased portion of the testing in the hands of the developer, before it reaches a formal team of testers. In a more traditional model, most of the test execution occurs after the requirements have been defined and the coding process has been completed.
    Overview[edit]
    Testing can never completely identify all the defects within software. Instead, it furnishes a criticism or comparison that compares the state and behavior of the product against oracles—principles or mechanisms by which someone might recognize a problem. These oracles may include (but are not limited to) specifications, contracts,[2] comparable products, past versions of the same product, inferences about intended or expected purpose, user or customer expectations, relevant standards, applicable laws, or other criteria.
    Every software product has a target audience. For example, the audience for video game software is completely different from banking software. Therefore, when an organization develops or otherwise invests in a software product, it can assess whether the software product will be acceptable to its end users, its target audience, its purchasers, and other stakeholders. Software testing is the process of attempting to make this assessment.
    A study conducted by NIST in 2002 reports that software bugs cost the U.S. economy $59.5 billion annually. More than a third of this cost could be avoided if better software testing was performed.[3]
    History[edit]
    The separation of debugging from testing was initially introduced by Glenford J. Myers in 1979.[4] Although his attention was on breakage testing ("a successful test is one that finds a bug"[4][5]) it illustrated the desire of the software engineering community to separate fundamental development activities, such as debugging, from that of verification. Dave Gelperin and William C. Hetzel classified in 1988 the phases and goals in software testing in the following stages:[6]
  • Until 1956 - Debugging oriented[7]
  • 1957–1978 - Demonstration oriented[8]
  • 1979–1982 - Destruction oriented[9]
  • 1983–1987 - Evaluation oriented[10]
  • 1988–2000 - Prevention oriented[11]
  • Software testing topics[edit] Scope[edit] A primary purpose of testing is to detect software failures so that defects may be discovered and corrected. This is a non-trivial pursuit. Testing cannot establish that a product functions properly under all conditions but can only establish that it does not function properly under specific conditions.[12] The scope of software testing often includes examination of code as well as execution of that code in various environments and conditions as well as examining the aspects of code: does it do what it is supposed to do and do what it needs to do. In the current culture of software development, a testing organization may be separate from the development team. There are various roles for testing team members. Information derived from software testing may be used to correct the process by which software is developed.[13]
    Functional vs non-functional testing[edit]
    Functional testing refers to activities that verify a specific action or function of the code. These are usually found in the code requirements documentation, although some development methodologies work from use cases or user stories. Functional tests tend to answer the question of "can the user do this" or "does this particular feature work".
    Non-functional testing refers to aspects of the software that may not be related to a specific function or user action, such as scalability or security. Non-functional testing tends to answer such questions as "how many people can log in at once".
    Defects and failures[edit]
    Not all software defects are caused by coding errors. One common source of expensive defects is caused by requirement gaps, e.g., unrecognized requirements, that result in errors of omission by the program designer.[14] A common source of requirements gaps is non-functional requirements such as testability, scalability, maintainability, usability, performance, and security.
    Software faults occur through the following processes. A programmer makes an error (mistake), which results in a defect (fault, bug) in the software source code. If this defect is executed, in certain situations the system will produce wrong results, causing a failure.[15] Not all defects will necessarily result in failures. For example, defects in dead code will never result in failures. A defect can turn into a failure when the environment is changed. Examples of these changes in environment include the software being run on a new hardware platform, alterations in source data or interacting with different software.[15] A single defect may result in a wide range of failure symptoms.
    Finding faults early[edit]
    It is commonly believed that the earlier a defect is found the cheaper it is to fix it.[16] The following table shows the cost of fixing the defect depending on the stage it was found.[17] For example, if a problem in the requirements is found only post-release, then it would cost 10–100 times more to fix than if it had already been found by the requirements review.
    Cost to fix a defect Time detected Requirements Architecture Construction System test Post-release Time introduced Requirements 1× 3× 5–10× 10× 10–100× Architecture - 1× 10× 15× 25–100× Construction - - 1× 10× 10–25× Compatibility[edit]
    A common cause of software failure (real or perceived) is a lack of compatibility with other application software, operating systems (or operating system versions, old or new), or target environments that differ greatly from the original (such as a terminal or GUI application intended to be run on the desktop now being required to become a web application, which must render in a web browser). For example, in the case of a lack of backward compatibility, this can occur because the programmers develop and test software only on the latest version of the target environment, which not all users may be running. This results in the unintended consequence that the latest work may not function on earlier versions of the target environment, or on older hardware that earlier versions of the target environment was capable of using. Sometimes such issues can be fixed by proactively abstracting operating system functionality into a separate program module or library.
    Input combinations and preconditions[edit]
    A very fundamental problem with software testing is that testing under all combinations of inputs and preconditions (initial state) is not feasible, even with a simple product.[12][18] This means that the number of defects in a software product can be very large and defects that occur infrequently are difficult to find in testing. More significantly, non-functional dimensions of quality (how it is supposed to be versus what it is supposed to do)—usability, scalability, performance, compatibility, reliability—can be highly subjective; something that constitutes sufficient value to one person may be intolerable to another.
    Static vs. dynamic testing[edit]
    There are many approaches to software testing. Reviews, walkthroughs, or inspections are considered as static testing, whereas actually executing programmed code with a given set of test cases is referred to as dynamic testing. Static testing can be (and unfortunately in practice often is) omitted. Dynamic testing takes place when the program itself is used for the first time (which is generally considered the beginning of the testing stage). Dynamic testing may begin before the program is 100% complete in order to test particular sections of code (modules or discrete functions). Typical techniques for this are either using stubsdrivers or execution from a debugger environment. For example, spreadsheet programs are, by their very nature, tested to a large extent interactively ("on the fly"), with results displayed immediately after each calculation or text manipulation.
    Software verification and validation[edit]
    Software testing is used in association with verification and validation:[19]
  • Verification: Have we built the software right? (i.e., does it match the specification).
  • Validation: Have we built the right software? (i.e., is this what the customer wants).
  • The terms verification and validation are commonly used interchangeably in the industry; it is also common to see these two terms incorrectly defined. According to the IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology:
    Verification is the process of evaluating a system or component to determine whether the products of a given development phase satisfy the conditions imposed at the start of that phase. Validation is the process of evaluating a system or component during or at the end of the development process to determine whether it satisfies specified requirements. The software testing team[edit]
    Software testing can be done by software testers. Until the 1980s the term "software tester" was used generally, but later it was also seen as a separate profession. Regarding the periods and the different goals in software testing,[20] different roles have been established: manager, test lead, test designer, tester, automation developer, and test administrator.
    Software quality assurance (SQA)[edit]
    Though controversial, software testing is a part of the software quality assurance (SQA) process.[12] In SQA, software process specialists and auditors are concerned for the software development process rather than just the artefacts such as documentation, code and systems. They examine and change the software engineering process itself to reduce the amount of faults that end up in the delivered software: the so-called defect rate.
    What constitutes an "acceptable defect rate" depends on the nature of the software; A flight simulator video game would have much higher defect tolerance than software for an actual airplane.
    Although there are close links with SQA, testing departments often exist independently, and there may be no SQA function in some companies.
    Software testing is a task intended to detect defects in software by contrasting a computer program's expected results with its actual results for a given set of inputs. By contrast, QA (quality assurance) is the implementation of policies and procedures intended to prevent defects from occurring in the first place.
    Testing methods[edit] The box approach[edit]
    Software testing methods are traditionally divided into white- and black-box testing. These two approaches are used to describe the point of view that a test engineer takes when designing test cases.
    White box testing[edit]
    White box testing is when the tester has access to the internal data structures and algorithms including the code that implement these.
    Types of white box testing The following types of white box testing exist:
  • API testing (application programming interface) - testing of the application using public and private APIs
  • Code coverage - creating tests to satisfy some criteria of code coverage (e.g., the test designer can create tests to cause all statements in the program to be executed at least once)
  • Fault injection methods - improving the coverage of a test by introducing faults to test code paths
  • Mutation testing methods
  • Static testing - White box testing includes all static testing
  • Test coverage White box testing methods can also be used to evaluate the completeness of a test suite that was created with black box testing methods. This allows the software team to examine parts of a system that are rarely tested and ensures that the most important function points have been tested.[21] Two common forms of code coverage are:
  • Function coverage, which reports on functions executed
  • Statement coverage, which reports on the number of lines executed to complete the test
  • They both return a code coverage metric, measured as a percentage.
    Black box testing[edit]
    Black box testing treats the software as a "black box"—without any knowledge of internal implementation. Black box testing methods include: equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, all-pairs testing, fuzz testing, model-based testing, exploratory testing and specification-based testing.
    Specification-based testing: Specification-based testing aims to test the functionality of software according to the applicable requirements.[22] Thus, the tester inputs data into, and only sees the output from, the test object. This level of testing usually requires thorough test cases to be provided to the tester, who then can simply verify that for a given input, the output value (or behavior), either "is" or "is not" the same as the expected value specified in the test case. Specification-based testing is necessary, but it is insufficient to guard against certain risks.[23] Advantages and disadvantages: The black box tester has no "bonds" with the code, and a tester's perception is very simple: a code must have bugs. Using the principle, "Ask and you shall receive," black box testers find bugs where programmers do not. On the other hand, black box testing has been said to be "like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight," because the tester doesn't know how the software being tested was actually constructed. As a result, there are situations when (1) a tester writes many test cases to check something that could have been tested by only one test case, andor (2) some parts of the back-end are not tested at all.
    Therefore, black box testing has the advantage of "an unaffiliated opinion", on the one hand, and the disadvantage of "blind exploring", on the other. [24]
    Grey box testing[edit]
    Grey box testing (American spelling: gray box testing) involves having knowledge of internal data structures and algorithms for purposes of designing the test cases, but testing at the user, or black-box level. Manipulating input data and formatting output do not qualify as grey box, because the input and output are clearly outside of the "black-box" that we are calling the system under test. This distinction is particularly important when conducting integration testing between two modules of code written by two different developers, where only the interfaces are exposed for test. However, modifying a data repository does qualify as grey box, as the user would not normally be able to change the data outside of the system under test. Grey box testing may also include reverse engineering to determine, for instance, boundary values or error messages.
    Testing levels[edit]
    Tests are frequently grouped by where they are added in the software development process, or by the level of specificity of the test.
    Unit testing[edit]
    Unit testing refers to tests that verify the functionality of a specific section of code, usually at the function level. In an object-oriented environment, this is usually at the class level, and the minimal unit tests include the constructors and destructors.[25]
    These type of tests are usually written by developers as they work on code (white-box style), to ensure that the specific function is working as expected. One function might have multiple tests, to catch corner cases or other branches in the code. Unit testing alone cannot verify the functionality of a piece of software, but rather is used to assure that the building blocks the software uses work independently of each other.
    Unit testing is also called component testing.
    Integration testing[edit]
    Integration testing is any type of software testing that seeks to verify the interfaces between components against a software design. Software components may be integrated in an iterative way or all together ("big bang"). Normally the former is considered a better practice since it allows interface issues to be localised more quickly and fixed.
    Integration testing works to expose defects in the interfaces and interaction between integrated components (modules). Progressively larger groups of tested software components corresponding to elements of the architectural design are integrated and tested until the software works as a system.[26]
    System testing[edit]
    System testing tests a completely integrated system to verify that it meets its requirements.[27]
    System integration testing[edit]
    System integration testing verifies that a system is integrated to any external or third-party systems defined in the system requirements.[citation needed]
    Regression testing[edit]
    Regression testing focuses on finding defects after a major code change has occurred. Specifically, it seeks to uncover software regressions, or old bugs that have come back. Such regressions occur whenever software functionality that was previously working correctly stops working as intended. Typically, regressions occur as an unintended consequence of program changes, when the newly developed part of the software collides with the previously existing code. Common methods of regression testing include re-running previously run tests and checking whether previously fixed faults have re-emerged. The depth of testing depends on the phase in the release process and the risk of the added features. They can either be complete, for changes added late in the release or deemed to be risky, to very shallow, consisting of positive tests on each feature, if the changes are early in the release or deemed to be of low risk.
    Acceptance testing[edit]
    Acceptance testing can mean one of two things:
  • A smoke test is used as an acceptance test prior to introducing a new build to the main testing process, i.e. before integration or regression.
  • Acceptance testing performed by the customer, often in their lab environment on their own hardware, is known as user acceptance testing (UAT). Acceptance testing may be performed as part of the hand-off process between any two phases of development.[citation needed]
  • Alpha testing[edit] Alpha testing is simulated or actual operational testing by potential userscustomers or an independent test team at the developers' site. Alpha testing is often employed for off-the-shelf software as a form of internal acceptance testing, before the software goes to beta testing.[28]
    Beta testing[edit]
    Beta testing comes after alpha testing and can be considered a form of external user acceptance testing. Versions of the software, known as beta versions, are released to a limited audience outside of the programming team. The software is released to groups of people so that further testing can ensure the product has few faults or bugs. Sometimes, beta versions are made available to the open public to increase the feedback field to a maximal number of future users.[citation needed]
    Non-functional testing[edit]
    Special methods exist to test non-functional aspects of software. In contrast to functional testing, which establishes the correct operation of the software (correct in that it matches the expected behavior defined in the design requirements), non-functional testing verifies that the software functions properly even when it receives invalid or unexpected inputs. Software fault injection, in the form of fuzzing, is an example of non-functional testing. Non-functional testing, especially for software, is designed to establish whether the device under test can tolerate invalid or unexpected inputs, thereby establishing the robustness of input validation routines as well as error-handling routines. Various commercial non-functional testing tools are linked from the software fault injection page; there are also numerous open-source and free software tools available that perform non-functional testing.
    Software performance testing and load testing[edit]
    Performance testing is executed to determine how fast a system or sub-system performs under a particular workload. It can also serve to validate and verify other quality attributes of the system, such as scalability, reliability and resource usage. Load testing is primarily concerned with testing that can continue to operate under a specific load, whether that be large quantities of data or a large number of users. This is generally referred to as software scalability. The related load testing activity of when performed as a non-functional activity is often referred to as endurance testing.
    Volume testing is a way to test functionality. Stress testing is a way to test reliability. Load testing is a way to test performance. There is little agreement on what the specific goals of load testing are. The terms load testing, performance testing, reliability testing, and volume testing, are often used interchangeably.
    Stability testing[edit]
    Stability testing checks to see if the software can continuously function well in or above an acceptable period. This activity of non-functional software testing is often referred to as load (or endurance) testing.
    Usability testing[edit]
    Usability testing is needed to check if the user interface is easy to use and understand.It approach towards the use of the application.
    Security testing[edit]
    Security testing is essential for software that processes confidential data to prevent system intrusion by hackers.
    Internationalization and localization[edit]
    The general ability of software to be internationalized and localized can be automatically tested without actual translation, by using pseudolocalization. It will verify that the application still works, even after it has been translated into a new language or adapted for a new culture (such as different currencies or time zones).[29]
    Actual translation to human languages must be tested, too. Possible localization failures include:
  • Software is often localized by translating a list of strings out of context, and the translator may choose the wrong translation for an ambiguous source string.
  • If several people translate strings, technical terminology may become inconsistent.
  • Literal word-for-word translations may sound inappropriate, artificial or too technical in the target language.
  • Untranslated messages in the original language may be left hard coded in the source code.
  • Some messages may be created automatically in run time and the resulting string may be ungrammatical, functionally incorrect, misleading or confusing.
  • Software may use a keyboard shortcut which has no function on the source language's keyboard layout, but is used for typing characters in the layout of the target language.
  • Software may lack support for the character encoding of the target language.
  • Fonts and font sizes which are appropriate in the source language, may be inappropriate in the target language; for example, CJK characters may become unreadable if the font is too small.
  • A string in the target language may be longer than the software can handle. This may make the string partly invisible to the user or cause the software to fail.
  • Software may lack proper support for reading or writing bi-directional text.
  • Software may display images with text that wasn't localized.
  • Localized operating systems may have differently-named system configuration files and environment variables and different formats for date and currency.
  • To avoid these and other localization problems, a tester who knows the target language must run the program with all the possible use cases for translation to see if the messages are readable, translated correctly in context and don't cause failures.
    Destructive testing[edit]
    Destructive testing attempts to cause the software or a sub-system to fail, in order to test its robustness.
    The testing process[edit] Traditional CMMI or waterfall development model[edit]
    A common practice of software testing is that testing is performed by an independent group of testers after the functionality is developed, before it is shipped to the customer.[30] This practice often results in the testing phase being used as a project buffer to compensate for project delays, thereby compromising the time devoted to testing.[31]
    Another practice is to start software testing at the same moment the project starts and it is a continuous process until the project finishes.[32]
    Agile or Extreme development model[edit]
    In counterpoint, some emerging software disciplines such as extreme programming and the agile software development movement, adhere to a "test-driven software development" model. In this process, unit tests are written first, by the software engineers (often with pair programming in the extreme programming methodology). Of course these tests fail initially; as they are expected to. Then as code is written it passes incrementally larger portions of the test suites. The test suites are continuously updated as new failure conditions and corner cases are discovered, and they are integrated with any regression tests that are developed. Unit tests are maintained along with the rest of the software source code and generally integrated into the build process (with inherently interactive tests being relegated to a partially manual build acceptance process). The ultimate goal of this test process is to achieve continuous deployment where software updates can be published to the public frequently. [33][34]
    A sample testing cycle[edit]
    Although variations exist between organizations, there is a typical cycle for testing.[35] The sample below is common among organizations employing the Waterfall development model.
  • Requirements analysis: Testing should begin in the requirements phase of the software development life cycle. During the design phase, testers work with developers in determining what aspects of a design are testable and with what parameters those tests work.
  • Test planning: Test strategy, test plan, testbed creation. Since many activities will be carried out during testing, a plan is needed.
  • Test development: Test procedures, test scenarios, test cases, test datasets, test scripts to use in testing software.
  • Test execution: Testers execute the software based on the plans and test documents then report any errors found to the development team.
  • Test reporting: Once testing is completed, testers generate metrics and make final reports on their test effort and whether or not the software tested is ready for release.
  • Test result analysis: Or Defect Analysis, is done by the development team usually along with the client, in order to decide what defects should be treated, fixed, rejected (i.e. found software working properly) or deferred to be dealt with later.
  • Defect Retesting: Once a defect has been dealt with by the development team, it is retested by the testing team. AKA Resolution testing.
  • Regression testing: It is common to have a small test program built of a subset of tests, for each integration of new, modified, or fixed software, in order to ensure that the latest delivery has not ruined anything, and that the software product as a whole is still working correctly.
  • Test Closure: Once the test meets the exit criteria, the activities such as capturing the key outputs, lessons learned, results, logs, documents related to the project are archived and used as a reference for future projects.
  • Automated testing[edit] Many programming groups are relying more and more on automated testing, especially groups that use test-driven development. There are many frameworks to write tests in, and continuous integration software will run tests automatically every time code is checked into a version control system.
    While automation cannot reproduce everything that a human can do (and all the ways they think of doing it), it can be very useful for regression testing. However, it does require a well-developed test suite of testing scripts in order to be truly useful.
    Testing tools[edit]
    Program testing and fault detection can be aided significantly by testing tools and debuggers. Testingdebug tools include features such as:
  • Program monitors, permitting full or partial monitoring of program code including:
  • Instruction set simulator, permitting complete instruction level monitoring and trace facilities
  • Program animation, permitting step-by-step execution and conditional breakpoint at source level or in machine code
  • Code coverage reports
  • Formatted dump or symbolic debugging, tools allowing inspection of program variables on error or at chosen points
  • Automated functional GUI testing tools are used to repeat system-level tests through the GUI
  • Benchmarks, allowing run-time performance comparisons to be made
  • Performance analysis (or profiling tools) that can help to highlight hot spots and resource usage
  • Some of these features may be incorporated into an Integrated Development Environment (IDE).
  • A regression testing technique is to have a standard set of tests, which cover existing functionality that result in persistent tabular data, and to compare pre-change data to post-change data, where there should not be differences, using a tool like diffkit. Differences detected indicate unexpected functionality changes or "regression".
  • Measurement in software testing[edit] Usually, quality is constrained to such topics as correctness, completeness, security,[citation needed] but can also include more technical requirements as described under the ISO standard ISOIEC 9126, such as capability, reliability, efficiency, portability, maintainability, compatibility, and usability.
    There are a number of frequently-used software measures, often called metrics, which are used to assist in determining the state of the software or the adequacy of the testing.
    Testing artifacts[edit]
    Software testing process can produce several artifacts.
    Test plan A test specification is called a test plan. The developers are well aware what test plans will be executed and this information is made available to management and the developers. The idea is to make them more cautious when developing their code or making additional changes. Some companies have a higher-level document called a test strategy. Traceability matrix A traceability matrix is a table that correlates requirements or design documents to test documents. It is used to change tests when the source documents are changed, or to verify that the test results are correct. Test case A test case normally consists of a unique identifier, requirement references from a design specification, preconditions, events, a series of steps (also known as actions) to follow, input, output, expected result, and actual result. Clinically defined a test case is an input and an expected result.[36] This can be as pragmatic as 'for condition x your derived result is y', whereas other test cases described in more detail the input scenario and what results might be expected. It can occasionally be a series of steps (but often steps are contained in a separate test procedure that can be exercised against multiple test cases, as a matter of economy) but with one expected result or expected outcome. The optional fields are a test case ID, test step, or order of execution number, related requirement(s), depth, test category, author, and check boxes for whether the test is automatable and has been automated. Larger test cases may also contain prerequisite states or steps, and descriptions. A test case should also contain a place for the actual result. These steps can be stored in a word processor document, spreadsheet, database, or other common repository. In a database system, you may also be able to see past test results, who generated the results, and what system configuration was used to generate those results. These past results would usually be stored in a separate table. Test script The test script is the combination of a test case, test procedure, and test data. Initially the term was derived from the product of work created by automated regression test tools. Today, test scripts can be manual, automated, or a combination of both. Test suite The most common term for a collection of test cases is a test suite. The test suite often also contains more detailed instructions or goals for each collection of test cases. It definitely contains a section where the tester identifies the system configuration used during testing. A group of test cases may also contain prerequisite states or steps, and descriptions of the following tests. Test data In most cases, multiple sets of values or data are used to test the same functionality of a particular feature. All the test values and changeable environmental components are collected in separate files and stored as test data. It is also useful to provide this data to the client and with the product or a project. Test harness The software, tools, samples of data input and output, and configurations are all referred to collectively as a test harness. Certifications[edit]
    Several certification programs exist to support the professional aspirations of software testers and quality assurance specialists. No certification currently offered actually requires the applicant to demonstrate the ability to test software. No certification is based on a widely accepted body of knowledge. This has led some to declare that the testing field is not ready for certification.[37] Certification itself cannot measure an individual's productivity, their skill, or practical knowledge, and cannot guarantee their competence, or professionalism as a tester.[38]
    Software testing certification types
  • Exam-based: Formalized exams, which need to be passed; can also be learned by self-study [e.g., for ISTQB or QAI][39]
  • Education-based: Instructor-led sessions, where each course has to be passed [e.g., International Institute for Software Testing (IIST)].
  • Testing certifications
  • Certified Associate in Software Testing (CAST) offered by the Quality Assurance Institute (QAI)[40]
  • CATe offered by the International Institute for Software Testing[41]
  • Certified Manager in Software Testing (CMST) offered by the Quality Assurance Institute (QAI)[40]
  • Certified Software Tester (CSTE) offered by the Quality Assurance Institute (QAI)[40]
  • Certified Software Test Professional (CSTP) offered by the International Institute for Software Testing[41]
  • CSTP (TM) (Australian Version) offered by K. J. Ross & Associates[42]
  • ISEB offered by the Information Systems Examinations Board
  • ISTQB Certified Tester, Foundation Level (CTFL) offered by the International Software Testing Qualification Board [43][44]
  • ISTQB Certified Tester, Advanced Level (CTAL) offered by the International Software Testing Qualification Board [43][44]
  • ">TMPF TMap Next Foundation offered by the Examination Institute for Information Science[45]
  • TM TMap Next Advanced offered by the Examination Institute for Information Science[45]
  • Quality assurance certifications
  • CMSQ offered by the Quality Assurance Institute (QAI).[40]
  • CSQA offered by the Quality Assurance Institute (QAI)[40]
  • CSQE offered by the American Society for Quality (ASQ)[46]
  • CQIA offered by the American Society for Quality (ASQ)[46]
  • Controversy[edit] Some of the major software testing controversies include:
    What constitutes responsible software testing?  Members of the "context-driven" school of testing[47] believe that there are no "best practices" of testing, but rather that testing is a set of skills that allow the tester to select or invent testing practices to suit each unique situation.[48] Agile vs. traditional  Should testers learn to work under conditions of uncertainty and constant change or should they aim at process "maturity"? The agile testing movement has received growing popularity since 2006 mainly in commercial circles,[49][50] whereas government and military[51] software providers use this methodology but also the traditional test-last models (e.g. in the Waterfall model).[citation needed] Exploratory test vs. scripted[52]  Should tests be designed at the same time as they are executed or should they be designed beforehand? Manual testing vs. automated  Some writers believe that test automation is so expensive relative to its value that it should be used sparingly.[53] More in particular, test-driven development states that developers should write unit-tests of the XUnit type before coding the functionality. The tests then can be considered as a way to capture and implement the requirements. Software design vs. software implementation Should testing be carried out only at the end or throughout the whole process? Who watches the watchmen?  The idea is that any form of observation is also an interaction—the act of testing can also affect that which is being tested.[54] References[edit]
  • ↑ Exploratory Testing, Cem Kaner, Florida Institute of Technology, Quality Assurance Institute Worldwide Annual Software Testing Conference, Orlando, FL, November 2006
  • ↑ Leitner, A., Ciupa, I., Oriol, M., Meyer, B., Fiva, A., "Contract Driven Development = Test Driven Development - Writing Test Cases", Proceedings of ESECFSE'07: European Software Engineering Conference and the ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering 2007, (Dubrovnik, Croatia), September 2007
  • ↑ Software errors cost U.S. economy $59.5 billion annually, NIST report
  • ↑ ab Myers, Glenford J. (1979). The Art of Software Testing. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-04328-1. 
  • ↑ Company, People's Computer (1987). "Dr. Dobb's journal of software tools for the professional programmer". Dr. Dobb's journal of software tools for the professional programmer (M&T Pub) 12 (1-6): 116.
  • ↑ Gelperin, D.; B. Hetzel (1988). "The Growth of Software Testing". CACM 31 (6). ISSN 0001-0782. 
  • ↑ until 1956 it was the debugging oriented period, when testing was often associated to debugging: there was no clear difference between testing and debugging. Gelperin, D.; B. Hetzel (1988). "The Growth of Software Testing". CACM 31 (6). ISSN 0001-0782. 
  • ↑ From 1957–1978 there was the demonstration oriented period where debugging and testing was distinguished now - in this period it was shown, that software satisfies the requirements. Gelperin, D.; B. Hetzel (1988). "The Growth of Software Testing". CACM 31 (6). ISSN 0001-0782. 
  • ↑ The time between 1979–1982 is announced as the destruction oriented period, where the goal was to find errors. Gelperin, D.; B. Hetzel (1988). "The Growth of Software Testing". CACM 31 (6). ISSN 0001-0782. 
  • ↑ 1983–1987 is classified as the evaluation oriented period: intention here is that during the software lifecycle a product evaluation is provided and measuring quality. Gelperin, D.; B. Hetzel (1988). "The Growth of Software Testing". CACM 31 (6). ISSN 0001-0782. 
  • ↑ From 1988 on it was seen as prevention oriented period where tests were to demonstrate that software satisfies its specification, to detect faults and to prevent faults. Gelperin, D.; B. Hetzel (1988). "The Growth of Software Testing". CACM 31 (6). ISSN 0001-0782. 
  • ↑ abc Kaner, Cem; Falk, Jack and Nguyen, Hung Quoc (1999). Testing Computer Software, 2nd Ed.. New York, et al: John Wiley and Sons, .. pp. 480 pages. ISBN 0-471-35846-0.  Invalid <ref> tag; name "Kaner1" defined multiple times with different content Invalid <ref> tag; name "Kaner1" defined multiple times with different content
  • ↑ Kolawa, Adam; Huizinga, Dorota (2007). Automated Defect Prevention: Best Practices in Software Management. Wiley-IEEE Computer Society Press. pp. 41–43. ISBN 0470042125.
  • ↑ Kolawa, Adam; Huizinga, Dorota (2007). Automated Defect Prevention: Best Practices in Software Management. Wiley-IEEE Computer Society Press. p. 86. ISBN 0470042125.
  • ↑ ab Section 1.1.2, Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus, International Software Testing Qualifications Board
  • ↑ Kaner, Cem; James Bach, Bret Pettichord (2001). Lessons Learned in Software Testing: A Context-Driven Approach. John Wiley & Sons. p. 4. ISBN 0-471-08112-4. 
  • ↑ McConnell, Steve (2004). Code Complete (2nd ed.). Microsoft Press. pp. 960. ISBN 0-7356-1967-0. 
  • ↑ Principle 2, Section 1.3, Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus, International Software Testing Qualifications Board
  • ↑ Tran, Eushiuan (1999). "VerificationValidationCertification". in Koopman, P.. Topics in Dependable Embedded Systems. USA: Carnegie Mellon University.
  • ↑ see D. Gelperin and W.C. Hetzel
  • ↑ Introduction, Code Coverage Analysis, Steve Cornett
  • ↑ Laycock, G. T. (1993) (PostScript). The Theory and Practice of Specification Based Software Testing. Dept of Computer Science, Sheffield University, UK.
  • ↑ Bach, James (June 1999). "Risk and Requirements-Based Testing" (PDF). Computer 32 (6): 113–114.
  • ↑ Savenkov, Roman (2008). How to Become a Software Tester. Roman Savenkov Consulting. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-615-23372-7. 
  • ↑ Binder, Robert V. (1999). Testing Object-Oriented Systems: Objects, Patterns, and Tools. Addison-Wesley Professional. p. 45. ISBN 0-201-80938-9. 
  • ↑ Beizer, Boris (1990). Software Testing Techniques (Second ed.). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 21,430. ISBN 0-442-20672-0. 
  • ↑ IEEE (1990). IEEE Standard Computer Dictionary: A Compilation of IEEE Standard Computer Glossaries. New York: IEEE. ISBN 1559370793. 
  • ↑ van Veenendaal, Erik. "Standard glossary of terms used in Software Testing".
  • ↑ Globalization Step-by-Step: The World-Ready Approach to Testing. Microsoft Developer Network
  • ↑ e)Testing Phase in Software Testing:-
  • ↑ Myers, Glenford J. (1979). The Art of Software Testing. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 145–146. ISBN 0-471-04328-1. 
  • ↑ Dustin, Elfriede (2002). Effective Software Testing. Addison Wesley. p. 3. ISBN 0-20179-429-2. 
  • ↑ Marchenko, Artem (November 16, 2007). "XP Practice: Continuous Integration".
  • ↑ Gurses, Levent (February 19, 2007). "Agile 101: What is Continuous Integration?".
  • ↑ Pan, Jiantao (Spring 1999). "Software Testing (18-849b Dependable Embedded Systems)". Topics in Dependable Embedded Systems. Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University.
  • ↑ IEEE (1998). IEEE standard for software test documentation. New York: IEEE. ISBN 0-7381-1443-X. 
  • ↑ Kaner, Cem (2001). "NSF grant proposal to "lay a foundation for significant improvements in the quality of academic and commercial courses in software testing"" (pdf).
  • ↑ Kaner, Cem (2003). "Measuring the Effectiveness of Software Testers" (pdf).
  • ↑ Black, Rex (December 2008). Advanced Software Testing- Vol. 2: Guide to the ISTQB Advanced Certification as an Advanced Test Manager. Santa Barbara: Rocky Nook . ISBN 1933952369. 
  • ↑ abcde Quality Assurance Institute
  • ↑ ab International Institute for Software Testing
  • ↑ K. J. Ross & Associates
  • ↑ ab "ISTQB".
  • ↑ ab "ISTQB in the U.S.".
  • ↑ ab EXIN: Examination Institute for Information Science
  • ↑ ab American Society for Quality
  • ↑ context-driven-testingm
  • ↑ Article on taking agile traits without the agile method.
  • ↑ “We’re all part of the story” by David Strom, July 1, 2009
  • ↑ IEEE article about differences in adoption of agile trends between experienced managers vs. young students of the Project Management Institute. See also Agile adoption study from 2007
  • ↑ Willison, John S. (April 2004). "Agile Software Development for an Agile Force". CrossTalk (STSC) (April 2004). Archived from the original on unknown.
  • ↑ IEEE article on Exploratory vs. Non Exploratory testing
  • ↑ An example is Mark Fewster, Dorothy Graham: Software Test Automation. Addison Wesley, 1999, ISBN 0-201-33140-3.
  • ↑ Microsoft Development Network Discussion on exactly this topic
  • External links[edit]


  • References:


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